Will US dollar lose its role as the global reserve currency before Essay

Will US dollar lose its role as the global reserve currency before 2050 - Essay Example There is a tendency among governments and individuals to diversify by storing the value of their wealth in other dominant currencies, other than the dollar or converting them into commodities. The BRICs development bank, weakening dollar trend, increased US budget deficit, emergence of alternative contender currencies, and shifting pricing away from the dollar elaborates on the serious threat the US dollar faces, in its position as the global reserve currency. The US Dollar has served as the dominant and world reserve currency for about seventy years today, since the adoption of the system back in the 1940s. Over the years, it gained acceptance and increased use in international transactions and by governments’ central banks for purposes of storing value, exchanges and invoicing transactions. It brought numerous advantages to the governments across the world, and especially the US citizens, whose purchases of goods or services have been at much cheaper rates compared to foreign nations. Some countries went on to peg their currencies to the dollar, but they have experienced the risks besides the benefits of the act. Though still a global reserve currency, the US dollar has been faced by numerous challenges towards the end of the 20th century and the past one decade. Inclusive to this are the exposed weakening US dollar, depreciated dollar and risk of volatility, emergence of challenging currencies to the dollar, changing monetary in stitution and dollar pricing, and diversification against the dollar. Though a debatable issue, the US Dollar is more likely to lose its role as the global reserve currency by 2050. It appears that countries are slowly changing their currencies in trading of products even at the international level. Where dollars have been used, other currencies are taking control. For example, most wise and even rich people have studied the behavior of the

Economics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economics - Term Paper Example My point throughout the paper is what I had emphasized at the beginning of the previous paragraph. The contention here is that the world needs trade more than anything else and hence it would be prudent on the part of the governments of the world not to jettison free trade and globalization. I discuss the reasons for the current economic slowdown and the efforts of the government in containing the crisis and providing relief to the beleaguered sectors of the economy. I make the point that the current administration is taking steps to revive the economy, though the effects of those steps may not be felt in the short term. I make the case for international trade, albeit with a different focus by learning from the mistakes of the past. The indebtedness of the US economy vis-à  -vis the Chinese economy is discussed along with some suggestions to redress the balance. The US economy has been going through a period of turbulence for the last few years. The economic downturn that began in 2007 and is continuing to this day is a manifestation of the excessive credit policies and bad lending practices coupled with poor regulatory oversight by the authorities. The combination of these factors has ensured that the credit bubble when it burst did really cause the entire global economic system to go into a severe contraction. What makes this crisis different from the periodic cyclical downturns one witnesses during alternating periods of boom and bust is that this crisis has been caused by borrowing and lending practices that were highly questionable and on top of that excessive leveraging of the financial sector meant that the sector’s contribution. As Kevin Philips (2009) notes, â€Å"The principal wave of credit card use for debt consolidation and consumption crested in 2005, but industry growth had been enormous. Over the period from 1990 to 2003, the number

The New Hydraulic System Engineering Essay

The New Hydraulic System Engineering Essay The major aim of the project is to investigate about the new hydraulic system of a380 and the reasons for increasing the hydraulic pressure from 3,000 psi to 5, 000 psi. The project is also intended at discussing and investigating about the new electro- hydrostatic actuators which uses this high hydraulic pressure. This report emphasiss on how this hydraulic system with 5,000 psi works and how it is better than previous hydraulic system. Saving Weight is the major reason for using 5000 psi hydraulic system in a380. By using higher pressure and smaller volume of fluid though the pipe of smaller radius, saves tonne of weight throughout the aircraft. Earlier used in military aircraft, this 5000 psi hydraulic system helps to reduce overall weight of the aircraft by reducing size of pipelines and other components. Fig.1 Kevlar hydraulic hoses, used for carrying high hydraulic pressure in A380. (eaton, 2006) Architecture of a380 hydraulic system differs extremely from other aircrafts, it uses pipeline specifically made of titanium and eight de- clutchable hydraulic pumps being used to achieve this high pressure of 350 bars. Also hydraulic power packs serve as backup for primary systems, instead of secondary hydraulic system which reduces maintenance and save weight. The very obvious reason that come to mind for using an enormous 5000 pounds per square inch seems to be the fact that there is need of massive power needed to fly the giant A380. But there is a lot more to it. The technical reason for that is the weight saving that the designers envisaged. In conjunction to the principles of physics, the pipelines of the hydraulic system have been designed to a smaller diameter as opposed to those used in other wide bodied aircraft, like B 777 in close enough range of A 380. As we know Force = A * P Where A is the cross section area and P is the pressure exerted by the hydraulic fluid Smaller diameter of pipelines enables greater hydraulic pressure to be exerted. Thus apart from giving enough power to drive the controls, it also provides the adequacy for lightweight components though they needed to be stronger. So this reduces overall weight of the aircraft. The way A380s hydraulic system is designed is completely different from those of others. The fact that its piping system is specifically made of titanium. Eight hydraulic pumps that are clutch able add to the extraordinary feature of this beautiful machine. Also, power packs that are driven hydraulically provide back up for the main hydraulic system. His eliminates the need for a secondary system that is normally implemented for redundancy. Here we see an intelligent application of a really appreciable weight reducing technique. This not only saves weight of the aircraft, but also takes a leap across in the world of engineering, in aircraft manufacturing and provides a base for producing aircrafts with such excellent duplicity in designing power store for possibly bigger aircrafts. Assuming the A 380 was made with the conventional 3000 psi, it is logical to say that the overall size of the now a380 would have been much bigger. As the experts say, an A380 with a working pressure of 3000 psi would have a nominal diameter of more than 3 inches as opposed to nearly 2 inches which is the actual. The reason as discussed before is the bigger size of the hydraulic components and the pipelines. This in turn would have demanded bigger housings and heavier mountings for a robust structure. Moreover the fittings that join these components would obviously be proportionally bigger and thus adding to weight of the aircraft. All this idea of weight saving methods has been targeted to the profits that the air carriers would yield in the long run. It translates to having bigger payload capacity that generates more revenue for the business involved. The hydraulic pump is located on the engine gearbox that runs on the mechanical power provided by the engine and turns it into hydraulic power. This hydraulic force of the fluid is exerted to the flight control surfaces like the rudders, ailerons, flaps, elevators. Transformation of the hydraulic energy into mechanical energy is felicitated by electro hydraulic actuators, which is another key feature in the making of A 380. These electro hydraulic actuators are driven through electrical power available from the aircraft generator or the TRUs (transformer rectifier units). They have got electro hydraulic static valves. Figures reveal the advantageous design better. As we know from the mathematical relation, Power = C * P Where C is the volumetric flow rate and P is the pressure exerted. A constant power output would imply change in either of the quantities, i.e. force or pressure. Therefore an increase in pressure would lead to reduction in the rate of flow of the fluid, which is about 40% in A380s case. Consequently, the flow rate in the 5000 psi system is about 42 gallons per minute which in a hypothetical 3000 psi system would have been 70 gallons per minute. So clearly we see a remarkable difference in the amount of fluid flowing per unit time in this instance. But considering the size of A380, this would not have been feasible like it is in case of other aircraft, or even for that matter the jumbo jet B747. Airbus successfully achieved an appreciable 20% reduction in the weight by switching to more pressure and lower flow rate that very well suited to a system that involve figures about masses and quantities, precisely 2500 pounds of weight. But, the only drawback for using this 5000 psi is that the components are not available easily. Invention of hydraulic power generation system Apart from the aviation industry, there are not many  industries  that put emphasis on ways of weight reduction. In an industry of commercial aviation,where  the sole source of profits are the flying machines. To make that happen effectively efficiently and economically, there is constant research and development going on throughout the world to develop new technologies and devise new methods of advancement in the field. Every ounce of weight of the mass of the aircraft  would  imply an extra amount of fuel to be consumed. Thus in an effort to reduce the weight and amplify the power to mass em and ultimately increase profits, Airbus endeavoured to save weight of A380.   A hydraulic system with an operating pressure of nearly 5000 psi is not the latest trend though. Since 1970s, military  aircraft  of sophisticated kind have been using such a mean pressure, but with the advent of the giant beauty, it is the first time that such high a pressure has  been  used in passenger aircraft, against the  conventional  3000 psi hydraulic systems, obviously with the exception of Concorde which featured a 4000 psi system. Components that are used in such military air machines need to be light weight as well as strong enough to handle such fluid  conditions. Similar requirements were demanded by the  design  of A380.   When the bright idea of building the worlds largest commercial carrier  was still on paper, Airbus did know that weight and volume of the structural parts and components involved would be the most critical factor in practical. Engineers and designers pondered upon the expertise that would go into it and discussed the latest hydraulic system technologies. These co-ordinated efforts led to a plateau phase that lasted four months, in which the criteria and the specifications of the components and materials involved were developed. The outcome was that the trade of fuel distribution  system  and the hydraulic power generation system was ultimately given to Eaton Corporation.   A380 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM As compared to other airbus hydraulic system, this A380 got only two hydraulic systems i.e. green and yellow, replacing the third hydraulic system by electro- hydraulic system which comprises of EHA and EBHA. fig.2 block diagram (eaton, 2006) A380 HYDRAULIC AND ELECTRIC POWER SOURCES fig.3 hydraulic sources (tron, 2007) electro hydrostatic actuators fig.4 electro hydrostatic actuators (tron, 2007) EHAs are electrically operated actuators, which replaces the third hydraulic system in an aircraft, thus it simplifies the aircraft architecture and makes it more reliable. It has an advantage of storing the pressure internally, when there is no movement in the motor, thus it reduces the power usage. WORKING AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE SYSTEM   It is the first time in the civil aviation history that flight actuators are incorporated that are powered solely by electricity that give back up to the  hydraulic  powered flight control actuators. When required they augment the primary  actuator. They contain their own hydraulic  and electrical supplies.   For aileron and elevator  movement  EHAs or Electro- hydrostatic actuators are used. For rudder and spoilers movement they are used as EBHAs Electrical back up hydrostatic actuators.   As the pressure has increase from 210 bar (3000 psi) to 350 bar (5000 psi), this has led to thinner pipelines being used. The conventional metal to metal fittings have been replaced by isomeric sealing which bind the metal chemically. Tests have proved that such high pressure would not degrade any chemical or physical property of the fluid, with an added advantage of saving about a metric ton! Hydraulic system of A3809 consists of eight Vickers PV-300-31 hydraulic pumps that are engine driven and are of variable displacement type that have a displacement that deliver at a  rate of 42 gallons per minute at 3775 revolutions per minute. Their displacement is  47 ml per revolution There are two unique features that set this kind of pump apart from traditional type of hydraulic pumps. Firstly, the disengagement clutch that is not found on any of the other commercial or military aircraft. For instance, if any of the eight pumps is not working, it can be de clutched or separated from the system. Then the pump cannot be engaged, with the exception on ground that too by manual means. The second important characteristic of this kind of pump is pressure pulsation. Generally, there are pressure fluctuations n a pump, typically about 10%.] I.e. The value of the pressures generated can vary to about 10% above and below of the nominated value. Even in recent models, this pulsation is about 5%. But Airbus wanted the value to be as low as 1%. These results were immaculate. It led to a system which had variations to a maximum of 4900 psi and 5100 psi on both sides. Low noise levels were an added advantage.   Another important Development with the upcoming of A380 is that they have incorporated four 150 kVa electrical generators which can be frequency controlled. Thus eliminating the use of constant speed drives (CSDs) and better reliability.  Embedded in the same electrical system are the new aluminium power cables that have replaced copper. Thus saving on weight for an aircraft that requires numerous cables running in it for such complex systems.  This power system of the A380 is fully digital and computerised. So the contractors and the breakers have been replaced by solid state devices for better performance. Extending discussion about the electrical power system of A380, it would be logical to mention the illumination system. The lighting is provided by the LEDs which have replaced conventional bulbs. These multi spectral LEDs are capable of producing day like effects anytime and producing shades of variable candela and contrast.   Fig5 components operating the hydraulic system (eaton, 2006) GROUND SERVICE PANEL: According to the fig.2, ground service panel is located at the foremost part of the aircraft in the hydraulic bay and is used for monitoring and maintaining the hydraulic system. Basically it consists of pressure and level gauges, to keep a check over the fluid levels and air pressurization. Fig.6 ground service panel (eaton, 2006) ENGINE DRIVEN PUMP: The main source of supplying 5000 psi is EDP, there are total eight Vickers branded engine driven pumps being installed on the airbus a380 and each being powered by the gear box, supplying the rate of flow of 160 l/min (42 gpm) at 3775 rpm.These pumps are based on clutch mechanism which enables them to disconnect from the engine gear box as required on flight or on ground. Fig.7 engine driven pump (EDP) (eaton, 2006) FIRE SHUT OFF VALVE: Four fire shut off valves being fitted in A380, in order to shut the hydraulic lines in case of major incidents or engine failure. The unit consist of an electrical motor, which has been designed specially for low electrical consumption, saving notable weight of the aircraft cables. Fig.8 fire shut off valve (eaton, 2006) SLAT DRIVE SYSTEM: This system consists of a hydraulic motor, sensors and brake release mechanism, where motor is bi- directional with variable displacement in nature and sensors are based on closed loop motor control mechanism. it is the first commercial aircraft, which uses this variable displacement motors to operate the secondary flight controls. Fig.9 hydraulic motor (eaton, 2006) HIGH PRESSURE MAINTENANCE FREE ACCUMULATOR: These accumulators are mostly used for maintaining the brake system of the jumbo jet during parking mode and also used as backup for emergency braking. They are charged with helium and can only operate with high pressure hydraulic fluid i.e. 5000 psi. Fig.10 high pressure accumulator (eaton, 2006) HYDRAULIC SLIDING UNIONS: These sliding unions are used for distribution of hydraulic power to different sections of aircraft such as rudder, elevators, landing gear etc. They are used for supporting pipe length during contraction and expansion, due to thermal changes and significant wing deflection. As shown in fig.2, they are located at rear spar area of the wings. Fig.11 hydraulic sliding unions (eaton, 2006) Highlights of new hydraulic system C:Usersswatinw sngsPictures380 10.jpg Fig.12 highlights of new system (bugatti) Electro hydrostatic actuators (EHAs)   These are for back up flight controls and are driven by mini pumps which are smaller that conventional pumps  but capable of delivering fluid at 5000 psi. Massive size of a380, brings out a new approach to its flight control system, moving these large surfaces hydraulically being proposed but later replaced by the new hydraulic plus electric architecture known as electro hydrostatic actuators. http://www.messier-bugatti.com/IMG/jpg/hmp0033n.jpg fig.13 mini pumps (bugatti) Hydraulic filtration and distribution   Its components are made of titanium so it can bear high pressures, being stronger and lighter in weight at the same time. Steering system To impart great manoeuvrability to the aircraft, Messier Buggati developed variable architectures to enhance the same. for example,   the nose wheel was managed by a software  Ã‚  IMA ( Integrated Modular Avionics) and a backup circuit of the type LEHGS (local electric hydraulic generation system) to support the main circuit for the nose wheel. The two rear wheels on each of the two central bogies are controlled by RDC (remote data concentrators) along with IMA. http://www.messier-bugatti.com/IMG/jpg/hs0013nblocorient_ra_a380-230-2.jpg fig.14 A380 steering system (bugatti) An application of the same is WABSIC  that  stands for  wheel and braking system integrated components  , it has two functions.one is to ensure the rotational speed of the tyre, other is to monitor the tire pressure through wireless data transmission. Moreover a brake cooling fan is part of this integrated unit. The same manufacturer Messier Buggati is responsible for the brake temperature monitoring system and oleo pressure monitoring system on the A380   Braking control system This is controlled by two main circuits fed by two hydraulic circuits, both operating at 5000 psi and monitored by the IMA software. The alternate system which uses de centralised  hydraulic system is also a full brake by wire system which is controlled by an analogue computer and has an emergency baking control unit (EBCU). landing gear hydraulic system As everyone knows that the world biggest airliner a380, has gained much of media headlines for building the jumbo jet with the hydraulic pressure of 5000 psi and they uses this pressure for operating their landing gear systems, which was a big challenge to work on. Maximum take-off weight of a380 is 560 tonnes, out of which 20 tonnes is only of gear itself. Landing gear retraction and extension system is the major element, which manages the landing gear of a380 having total of 22 wheels with 5000 psi. LGERS also introduces the new electromechanical uplocks, which are used for locking and the unlocking undercarriage bay doors and landing gears. These up locks can be used in normal mode as well as in emergency mode, but because of its weight they being replaced by the electromechanical actuators which are far more Compaq and cheaper as it eliminates the use of cable riggings which saves weight and cost as well. There are total 12 up locks being installed on a380, which are easy to maintain as it removes the need of bleed hydraulic system.

war poetry and one related material :: essays research papers

â€Å"When the Power of love overcomes the love of power the world will know peace.† Jimi Hendrix. The topic we are studying is Experience through Language. This type of text is used to get a message through to the responder using literary techniques. From the start of time people have been documenting expressions on war for and against. Two articles I’ve chosen that relate to war are a Propergander poster from England in 1914 and the poem â€Å"The Soldier† composed by Rupert Brooke in 1915. We see how both composers try to convey the glories of war. This is one of the main messages in both pieces of material. In the poster there is persuasion to Patriotism. This is displayed by the bold letters spelling the sentence â€Å"Britons Wants You†. The effect of this makes the viewer feel as if what is said is directed at him or her. The same message is found in ‘the soldier’ in the first few lines ‘if I should die, think this of me, that there’s some corner of a foreign field, that is for ever England there shall be in that rich earth a richer dust concealed’ – this quote makes the reader feel pride for his country. It glorifies war. There is a visual aid in the poster of Lord Kitchener pointing at you. Lord kitchener was displayed on many recruitment posters pointing at ‘you’. The technique of him pointing engages the viewer by making him or her feel dedicated toyou their country. Another message in ‘The soldier’ is the sacrifice for your country. A technique used to show this is 1st person speech as in the line â€Å"if I should die, think only this of me.† Using 1st person makes it more personal as it lends an authenticity. Another technique is the repetition of the word England. This emphasizes an important point the composer wants to send to the reader. He has respect for his country. Rupert Brooke uses lines like â€Å"Shaped, Made aware† it gives personification as if England has nurtured them like a mother. Both sources mention biblical or religious allusions. In the poster there is the words â€Å"God Save The King† in capital letters.

Discussion As A Learning Strategy Education Essay

Askell-Willams and Lawson ( 2005 ) has carried out a sophisticated survey in teaching-learning treatment, they investigated the subject in different facet, and the overview below are concluded by positions of expertness in positions of psychological, sociological-constructivism and socio-linguists. There is a convincing ground that why treatment can function as instruction and larning intent. Dillon ( 1994 ) stated that treatment can profit in â€Å" apprehension of capable affair and declaration of issues related to the capable affair and its educational map ; personal growing ; and apprehension of the value of group contemplation and deliberation † . Discussion is besides a primary mechanism in pupils ‘ societal minutess. The treatment itself served as a cognition building procedure. Social minutess in schoolroom can promote pupil to set the cognition into â€Å" public sphere † , their logical thinking and understands can so be the augmented, examined, elaborated, critiqued and related to the apprehensions of other people. Tobin, Tippins, and Gallard ( 1994 ) besides stated that the function of treatment provided a perfect platform for pupils to interact. Group interaction can supply a background in which pupil can be negotiate differences of sentiment and seek understanding. It is more of import that pupil can bring forth inquiry and clear up apprehension of specific content. Peers interaction can develop their ability to talk out, fearless in order to take a proper base. Based on the societal cognitive position, discourse is besides a primary deliberation tool for cognitive development. Nuthall ( 1997 ) proposed that the possible benefit of discourse is â€Å" transactional relationship between socio-cultural experience and self-organizational activities of the head † . Such activities of the head are facilitated through treatment, Askell-Willams and Lawson showed us an illustration. If a pupil merely acquires cognition from a instructor, the pupil will merely integrate the â€Å" individual dependent position of the student-teacher relationship † . If, on the other manus, the pupil acquires the cognition in treatment in which different positions are described, explained and debated, the pupil ‘s representation of the scheme will integrate a â€Å" larger web of intertwined societal and logical relationships † . Such a web defines the dimensions of a mental infinite within which the pupil can research, interact with, and se ek out alternate beliefs, statements, and decisions. ( Nuthall, 1997, p. 743 )Problem rose from treatmentOf class utilizing treatment as a acquisition scheme is non suited in every state of affairs. Baxter, Woodward and Olson ( 2001 ) showed that larning through category treatment might non effectual for those â€Å" low-achieving † pupils, it is excessively hard for them to involved in the treatment often and they may non hold opportunity to talk out harmonizing to their shyness. Hollander ( 2002 ) besides noted that the organisation of effectual treatment at the single degree is non straightforward. Some pupil talk much while other negotiations small, the content of treatments can be awkward, there is no warrant that the treatment content will be â€Å" threaded in a coherent mode † and non all pupils might hold developed effectual accomplishment for part. It should besides be noted that, go forthing pupil discuss by their ain will non prosecuting an effectual treatment. Many pupils need specific direction in order to cognize how to inquire proper inquiries and give proper respond. Although the expertness may hold that treatment is a possible acquisition scheme for instruction, the cardinal shareholder is the scholar. If pupils ‘ cognition is non plenty to let them to do effectual usage of a treatment, merely like â€Å" how to move efficaciously † , â€Å" how to inquire proper inquiries â€Å" and â€Å" how to give proper respond † , in this state of affairs, the benefit of treatment as a acquisition attack are improbable to be survey.The value of coaction and treatment in larning scheme for Online acquisition EnvironmentJ. Clark / Stimulating coaction and treatment in online larning environments Internet and Higher Education 4 ( 2001 ) 119-124 From the above, we can see that how discussion benefit in pupils ‘ acquisition, here we will discourse the value of coaction and treatment in larning scheme for Online Learning Environments ( OLEs ) . Clark ( 2001 ) stated that although it is accomplishable that larning with pupil interaction ( inactive acquisition ) , active acquisition through interaction including â€Å" module playing as equals, ushers, and moderators † is by and large see more effectual and good suited to OLEs. Discussion is non like the traditional teacher talk method of instruction. Discussion and coaction increased pupils ‘ engagement in which engages pupils actively participated in the acquisition procedure comparison with the traditional teacher talk learning method, treatment are able promote the belonging of â€Å" pupils ‘ accomplishment and satisfaction † . ( Hiltz, 1998 ; Johnson, 1981 ) . † Clark stated that, although the pupil and teacher remained as a cardinal participant in the treatment as larning scheme, there are still some different between the traditional schoolroom and OLEs. The diagram stated below illustrated their different.Tradition ClassroomLecture TimeLecture clip is limited Online categories run 24 hr a twenty-four hours from the beginning to the terminal of the classClass BreakCasual conversations in the schoolroom will interrupt the order of the category Discussion forums have replaced the insouciant conversations in the schoolroom and have a lasting written logDiscussion qualityDiscussion in category are ever rapid and experimental Discussions are no longer rapid and experimental. The treatment tool can be good defined in order to ease pupils ‘ treatmentRespond TimeDiscussion in category are ever conduct spontaneously, pupil has no adequate clip to believe about the inquiry and make a proper respond Students have adequate clip to read other pupil ‘s remarks, do research, and explicate a elaborate responseStudent Secret DialoguesSecret pupil duologues are non easy gimmick during the category For the treatment room there are no concern about secret pupil duologues, all informations will be logged and all the interactivities can be trace out from logTime and Space LimitationStudents may non take part at any clip of the twenty-four hours ; the treatment is limited by the location and infinite. Students may take part at any clip of the twenty-four hours that suits them from work, place, or while going.Students ‘ MotivationThe treatment is Instructor mediated, teacher played an of import to actuate pupil to larn. The subject imposed by traditional fixed meeting times and topographic points with reminders of due day of the months is replaced by the demand that the pupils self-motivate and keep control of their parts and deadlines. Fig1. The different between traditional schoolroom and OLEs.The Shift of Face to Face treatment to Computer Mediated DiscussionFrom the last session, we can see that there is advantage of utilizing OLEs in treatment than traditional schoolroom. How about pupil? Do they besides want to utilize the electronic resources to larn and interact with each other? An and Frick ( 2006 )[ I ]found that pupil preferred to utilize computing machine mediated communicating ( CMC ) than face to face ( F2F ) as communicating media under certain status. Here are the grounds: Flexibility The location and clip become an independent variable in CMC such that pupil can execute treatment on web anyplace. Interactivity increased The flexibleness of digital acquisition platform besides contributed to the 2nd point, it will increase the interactivity between the pupils and every bit good as the Instructor. The learning manner of the pupils is therefore transform from independent larning to equals larning by the usage of computing machine AIDSs. Sutton ( 2001 )[ two ]( in An and Frick, 2006 ) suggested that CMC has caused the displacement from â€Å" correspondence acquisition † to â€Å" societal acquisition † . Berge ( 1995 )[ three ]( in An and Frick, 2006 ) has besides suggested the interaction among teachers, pupils, contents and interface have been â€Å" maximized † in the on-line treatment and therefore ease the constructive thought. Allow pupil to larn by their ain gait When comparison to F2F, CMC provide pupil more clip to react the inquiry. It allows pupil to analysis and reflect the inquiry with adequate clip so that they can compose thoughtful responds. Student can therefore larn by their ain extremum in CMC, they can besides take control to their acquisition and interact with the equal in order to construct cognition.Overview of the Discussion Tool – Synchronized and Asynchronous Discussion toolDiscussion is decidedly a common execution for Computer Mediate Communication. Generally, on-line treatment tool can split in to two types, they are synchronized and asynchronous treatment tool. And as educational platforms, the two distinguishable format of interaction impact otherwise. In this session, we are traveling to look into the pros and cons of these treatment tools in acquisition. What is asynchronous treatment tool? Harmonizing to Johnson ( 2006 ) , asynchronous direction â€Å" occurs in delayed clip and does non necessitate the coincident engagement of pupil and instructor † . The asynchronous direction was used in distance instruction in the early twelvemonth due to postal holds. The asynchronous voice conferencing are already proven utile in some instructional contexts, text-based asynchronous direction are besides widely used in the post-secondary instruction, it can besides be considered as asynchronous on-line treatment. Johnson stated that pedagogues has been look into the efficiency of asynchronous on-line treatment, they reported that it can â€Å" encouraging in-depth, more thoughtful treatment ; pass oning with temporally diverse pupils ; keeping on-going treatments where file awaying is required ; and leting all pupils to react to a subject † ( Branon & A ; Essex, 2001, p. 36 ) . There are besides possible restrictions of the asynchronous treatment room. Student may non look into the forum often, deficiency of self-generated feedback may take pupils experience isolated, it is necessary to pass more clip in the treatment in order to do it mature ( Branon & A ; Essex, 2001, p. 36 ) . All in all, Dede and Kremer ( 1999 ) conducted a study to look into the pupils ‘ penchants of asynchronous treatment tool. They found that the asynchronous treatment provided a more comprehensive interchange for them, but it required more clip and provided less societal interaction than synchronal confabs. What is synchronal treatment tool? Harmonizing to Johnson ( 2006 ) , â€Å" Synchronous direction occurs in existent clip and requires the coincident engagement of pupils and instructor † . The synchronal direction was used in the closed circuit telecasting on university campus in the early twelvemonth. Until 1980s, video-conferencing and synergistic telecasting connected distant schoolroom, in which, the synchronal treatment let pupil to inquire inquiry and execute interaction in spontaneously, the pedagogues start behavior survey how synchronal treatment tool aid pupil in acquisition. As you can see, synchronal communicating tools allow multiple users communicate with each other at the same clip utilizing text messages, study ( Branon & A ; Essex, 2001, p. 36 ) showed that synchronal confab tools are utile for â€Å" † keeping practical office hours, squad decision-making, and brainstorming, community edifice, and covering with proficient issues † . Spontaneous feedback can do pupil feel connected ; pupil will non experience isolated in this state of affairs, meanwhile, pupil are all actively take part in the treatment tool synchronously, non like asynchronous treatment tool, required pupil to login often to look into for update. But there are still restrictions for the synchronal treatment tool. It is hard to implement synchronal treatment tool comparison with asynchronous treatment tool. It is difficult to acquire pupils online at the same clip, and it is hard in manage large-scale conversation. Lack of contemplation clip for pupil and it is demanding for the hapless typist. ( Branon & A ; Essex, 2001, p. 36 ) Synchronous Versus asynchronous online treatment Educators are normally agreed the larning result of asynchronous on-line treatment room is better the face-to-face treatment. But the restrictions stated above ( isolation and often engagement ) deter them to utilize this mechanism entirely. There lead to the tendency of implementing synchronal confabs tool, it is because synchronal confabs can overrule those restriction, as it â€Å" efforts to emulates † face-to-face treatment. Using synchronal confabs non merely enhanced societal dealing but besides better pupil larning result. Johnson ( 2001 ) suggested the best methodological analysis is uniting the synchronal and asynchronous confabs tool in Online Learning Environment in order to acquire â€Å" higher degrees of pupil satisfaction and command of class demands than execution of either manner in isolation † . Johnson stated that there is a study supported pupil who ‘s used both treatment tools are most likely to accomplish the class demand because utilizing the both tools can maximise â€Å" personal battle in larning † .Review on bing systemInstructor Controlled Chat System ( ICCS ) ICCS ( Thirunarayanan, 2000 ) was proposed to allow the teacher involve into the pupil treatment, it can repair the job with chat confusion and convergence. He proposed two package sweetenings in order to accomplish the purpose: Instructor mediated confabs Teachers will hold two Windowss on their proctor, one is the pupil treatment window and the other is the teacher control window. Each message raised from the pupil will direct to the teacher window foremost earlier published to the other pupils, the teacher will take the relevant inquiry / response to print. Students are merely type and respond to the inquiry until the teacher sends the message to the pupil window Instructor intimations before the confab subdivision The 2nd point is to salvage short remarks ; inquiries and statement in the database before the confab session Begin. Once the pupil is deficiency of thought, the teacher can do usage of the pre-saved statements to inquire inquiry and remind pupils to remain focused on relevant subject. Potential job of ICCS As the treatment flow is extremely depended to the teacher, it will impact the smoothness of the treatment and do it uneffective. As the treatment stuff is censored by the teacher, the quality of the treatment will extremely depends on the quality of the teacher The less attending paid by the scholar as they can trust on the instructor remark or direction. The work load of the teacher will be increased as at that place may hold many treatment groups in a category. Mediated confabs The mediated confab ( Hugo, Pimentel, & A ; Lucena, 2006 ) was designed to avoid â€Å" Message Overload † . Harmonizing to the writers, message overload refers to many messages from the participants are being show at one time. Mediated chat uses the computing machine mediated channel to work out the job. In mediated confab, the pupil message will first direct to the confab waiter and waiting line. The confab waiter will roll up all the messages and print them to the duologue window one by one. The pupil are able to see a queue list in the window, they are able to see their topographic point in the waiting line. If their thought are posted by the pupil in the precedence topographic point in the waiting line, the pupil are able to cancel their submit message and compose a new one to direct to the confab waiter. Potential job of Mediated Chat The system can work out the message overload job is a reasonably effectual manner, nevertheless for the job of easing the effectivity of the treatment. There are some possible jobs in it: With this method it can take down the load of the teacher but there are no AIDSs to assist pupil to believe critically since they are without the aid of the teacher. As the treatment flow is extremely dependent on the confab waiter, there are no manner the quiz or alter the topographic point of the waiting line. CSCL environment for â€Å" Six Thinking chapeaus † Discussion Tamura, & A ; Shuichi ( 2007 )[ four ]proposed a scenario-based asynchronous treatment environment by utilizing the six believing hat theoretical account. In which, the pupil are put on a specific chapeau wholly and lend thought for this coloured chapeau. After the first hat session, a facilitator will travel the whole group to the group reappraisal subdivision ( illustrated in figure5 ) and it will further travel to other hat subdivision onward. For the â€Å" Group reappraisal † , each pupil will knock other scholars ‘ statement, and there is a facilitator to command the critic. Fig5 Scenario-based Process of Discussion The ground of the precedence of the chapeau colour: Red & gt ; While & gt ; Green & gt ; Yellow & gt ; Black and Blue is because: Red Hat: Emotion chapeau, it is easy for the scholar to province his personal sentiment even they are non familiar with the six believing hat method. White Hat: The chapeau of fact, It provided the pupil cardinal information to discourse. Green hat & gt ; Yellow hat & gt ; Black chapeau: These chapeaus used to lend thoughts and standing point to the treatment, it is a good manner to set it after the emotion chapeau and the chapeau of fact. Blue chapeau: Using bluish hat as a summarized chapeau. It is the best manner to set it at last. The sum-up of the â€Å" Six Thinking chapeaus † Discussion The treatment tool utilizes the six believing chapeaus theoretical account, in which, it provided a platform for parallel thought. And therefore it fulfilled the five advantages we suggested in the last subdivision. The chapeau sequence is logical. Which make the ruddy chapeau at the first, white chapeau follows and the blue chapeau at the terminal. Tamura, & A ; Shuichi ( 2006 ) have examined their theoretical account uses questionnaire, they found this system can lend to the assorted point of view for a given subject and supply the relaxation to sum up. There are some points we can take from this system: It is a good manner to allow the pupil to lend thought wholly ( all pupil contribute to a hat one by one ) at the really get downing. It can coerce to student to believe in different way at least one time. But we believe that it is better to lodge one pupil a peculiar function after the first rhythm. It is because the group may be ignored some minor thought during the ulterior treatment ( e.g. feeling ) . If we stick a pupil to a peculiar function after the first rhythm. The job will be fixed. ( Details flow will be explained in following chapter ) The system should enable some characteristics to ease the pupil to summarized thoughts. Meanwhile, it is besides a of import point to enable characteristic to ease pupil to take up their specific function.Discussion methodStructured Academic Controversyhypertext transfer protocol: //www.lawanddemocracy.org/discussionsac.html â€Å" ControversyA exists when one individual ‘s thoughts, information, decisions, theories, and sentiments are incompatible with those of another, and the two seek to make an understanding † ( Johnson & A ; Johnson, 1995 ) SAC is a learning attack that encourages pupil to take one side at one time and dispute with the other side, pupil will foremost divided in two squads, and they are traveling to reason a subject alternately, they are traveling to reason the subject BOTH sides of a controversial issue and finally achieved the understanding on the issue. Structured Academic Controversy is a learning attack that encourages pupils to take on and argue for, alternately, BOTH sides of a controversial issue and finally come up with a balanced sentiment about that issue. Students work in braces to go familiar with one side of an issue, and so argument with another brace who has become familiar with the opposing side. Pairs so exchange â€Å" sides, † become familiar with the opposing statement, and argument once more. Finally, the two braces come together to discourse the strengths and failing of each side of the statement, come to a consensus about their corporate sentiment about the statement, and present that thought to the other quads. This learning attack encourages pupils to see all sides of an issue every bit before explicating a concluding sentiment. Philosophic Chairs Discussion Six Thinking Hats Model

Eliminating Prejudice and Discrimination Inside the Classroom Essay

The rich and colorful diversity of today’s society is very evident to many classrooms in most parts of the world. It is indeed that mere educating of the children is no longer enough nowadays as such the educational setting is even more revolutionized. Since the students of this generation are exemplified with different learning styles and habits, level of intelligence, cultural orientation and socio-economic background, there must be high observance on the implementation of multicultural education in every classroom of the world. The schools and learning environments must work for all the aspects and must consider the diverse cultures of the communities they serve. Nevertheless, the observance of multicultural education to some countries remains a dilemma for many administrators and teachers as well as on the part of the students. The administrators and teachers encounter problems on the integration of the curriculum and other activities in order to suffice the various needs of the different orientation of the students. The students, on the other hand, suffer dilemma on the equal treatment of the teacher and other students in terms of the curriculum and relationship among them which commonly leads to great prejudice and discrimination inside the classroom. One of the great challenges of today’s classroom in terms of this multicultural education approach is the inclusive education for the special students in the community. Many educators find difficulties on the inclusion of the special students together with the normal students since it is presumed that they have a significant difference in terms of learning styles and habits, level of intelligence and skills, and many others. Hence, it is very essential for the different educational institutions to have an in-depth understanding on the importance of multicultural approach in education as well as the inclusive education for the special students. This paper tries to provide a thorough discussion of the paradigm of multicultural education, the inclusive education for special students and the strategies for the administrators and teacher to successfully observe and maintain multicultural education for the special students. Pros and Cons of Multicultural Education Over the past three decades, multicultural education has been recognized as one of the avenues for educational reform (Ramsey, et. al. 2003). Multicultural education is defined as an educational reform movement which incorporates the idea that all students, regardless of gender, social class, and ethnic, racial, or cultural characteristics, should have an equal opportunity to acquire education in school (Banks & Banks 2009). It is through the concept of equal opportunities that learners find social democracy and fairness inside the classroom. Multicultural education is considered to be very advantageous since it provides various opportunities not only for the teachers and administrators but also for the learners (Mitchell & Salsbury 1996). One of the advantages of observing multicultural education in the classroom is the elimination of racism and sexism among the students. Through teaching the culturally different approach, there will be an attempt to raise the academic achievement of the students of color through culturally relevant instruction (Sleeter 1996). It should be noted always that eventhough students have differences, there should be equal opportunities inside the classroom as such education is a right of everyone. The aim of the schools should be to encourage the full development of the students regardless of the diverse racial, ethnic and gender groups of the students (Banks 1997). Educators, hence, must eliminate all structures of education that impede learning of the ethnic minorities and women. There should be equal opportunities between the man and woman or between the rich and poor so that there would be a sense of multi-culturally responsive classroom approach in the schools. This is thus the reason why all countries must observe equal opportunities to all students regardless of gender and cultural orientation. For instance, the students whether boys or girls are given the opportunity to participate in all the activities of the classroom such as recitation, discussion, project making and the like. Multicultural education approach, moreover, promotes the idea of democracy in a pluralistic society. It is through this approach of education, students learn to value cultural knowledge and differences (Sleeter 1996). This is a good value that the students might learn with the multicultural approach. As they understand the diversity of the educational setting, they are implicitly learning also the sense of democracy and fairness within themselves which will be very helpful to the students when they are ready to face the realities of the society. The teacher should encourage multicultural approach in the school since it does not only teach the students to respect each other but it also allows them to have better understanding on the concept of democracy and fairness which are considered to be good virtues. Nevertheless, the practice of multicultural education is not that easy because there are a lot of considerations which need to be taken. In the multicultural classroom, there must be a culturally responsive curriculum to suffice the needs of the different students. The teacher should prepare a lesson which will consider the subject matter as well as the diverse culture of the students. For instance, the teacher may present a view of mathematical thinking that incorporates the ways in which culture and mathematics are related and intertwined (Nielson 1991). In sciences, the study of environments can be done from the perspectives of the diversity of cultural understanding. Eventhough this would mean additional and laborious tasks on the part of the teachers, it is better as compared to mono-cultural approach as such there will be a high manifestation of learning not only in the subject matter but also in the culture of their respective orientations. While the students are learning the subject matter that they need to accomplish, they are likewise acquiring a sense of the understanding the different cultures that the different students posses in their classroom. In this sense, the teacher avoids discrimination with respect to the cultural orientation of the students. In the teaching and learning process of the multicultural approach, likewise, there is a need for various teaching strategies to cater the various learning needs of the different learners inside the classroom. In this case, the teachers must consider that students are confined with the multiple intelligences and each type needs different teaching maxims (Armstrong 2000). When teaching a particular subject, the teacher must not only use devices which are intended for the visual learners but also to the other types of learners such as auditory, tactile, and the like. For instance, the teacher may provide visual aid for the visual learners, recordings and sounds for the auditory and practical application for the tactile type of learners. Through this, there would be less discrimination in the different types of learners. The students find no discrimination as such all of them are being addressed with their different learning needs. Along with the diversity of the curriculum and the teaching strategies to suffice the needs of the diverse culturally responsive learners are the diverse culturally oriented stakeholders of the education. The change in the school setting from mono-cultural to multicultural approach should be a hand in hand effort of all the stakeholders of the education which include, aside from the students, teachers, administrators, parents, community leaders and government. The teachers should be the ones to observe multicultural approach of education inside the school through observance of the anti-discrimination acts not only in the school but as well as in the whole community. However, the teacher cannot alone do all the tasks to maintain fairness and justice inside the school. The other stakeholders of education should also take their parts in maintaining an education with an environment free from prejudice, racism and discrimination. Education of today’s generation should incorporate multitude of voices in multicultural society so that there would be effective observance of multiculturalism (Banks 1997). This means that education should be treated as a thing tantamount to equality and fairness. And the country successfully achieved this goal through the collaborative efforts of the teachers, administrators and the other stakeholders of education in the community. Multicultural education is considered to be very advantageous to the educational system of the country since it provides and promotes an educational reform which is beneficial to every stakeholder of education. But nonetheless, observance to this educational reform is not an easy task. The main problem, perhaps, that a teacher may encounter in observing and maintaining multicultural approach to education is the curriculum as well as the teaching strategies for this kind of classroom set up. To maintain multicultural education requires different curriculum to suffice the needs of both normal and special students. The same holds true with the teaching strategies that will be sued in order to execute the lesson everyday. Careful planning of the teaching methodologies and strategies for each lesson is a prerequisite for the successful observance of multicultural education. Likewise, it is very difficult for the teacher to carry out multicultural education approach inside the classroom especially if the students are unresponsive. In order to successfully incorporate multicultural approach in the classroom, the students should have also participation during the class or session. And also, not only the students but the administrators are also needed to take their part in the reformation of the educational set up. This entails that the success of the multicultural education lies on the collaborative effort of the students, teacher, administrators and the community. However, though it requires too much persistence and hard work not only on the part of the teachers but as well as on the part of the students, administrators, community leaders and government, multicultural education is a great revolution in the country as such it will not only develop and enhance the educational setting itself but it will also enlighten the perception of the world to justice, fairness and equality. The Need for An Inclusive Multicultural Classroom for the Disabled Students Aside from a classroom with diverse gender, socio-economic standing, socio-cultural orientation and religion, multicultural approach in education is very much needed specifically in the classrooms with special and disabled students. It has been found out that special students like the disabled ones find a great dilemma inside a classroom that does not observe multicultural approach over years. The problem is believed to be a result of the lack of equality and fairness among the disabled students. In most universities and colleges, special students find â€Å"academic fatigue† due to their inability to adapt to the academic requirements that the educational institutions are requiring them as well as the pressure that the environment brings them as disabled ones (Barnes 2007). In this case, the disabled students find dilemma in their respective educational institution because they are not given equal opportunities inside the classroom. The teachers and administrators do not consider the various aspects of the students such as their socio-cultural orientations, social classes, levels of cognition, and many others. In order to resolve this problem, there must be a total reformation in every classroom of the country. Teachers and administrators should practice multicultural approach in an inclusive education for the disabled students. Hence, an inclusive education that observes multicultural education must be strictly observed in order to solve the said problem and revolutionize the old concept of education for the betterment of the disabled students. Inclusive education is built on the premise that all students should be valued for their unique abilities and included as essential members of a school community (Causton-Theoharis & Theoharis 2008). Inclusion, in addition, is considered to be an active process which entails an unabashed announcement that leads to a public and political declaration and celebration of difference. Inclusion requires continuous proactive response in order to maintain inclusive educational culture. This educational idea is typically found in multicultural urban schools where cultural and linguistics barriers serves as a daily challenge inside the classroom (Corbett 2001). Through the inclusive education that permits multicultural education for the disabled ones, students will not suffer from the burden of â€Å"academic fatigue† brought about by the negligence to the different and unique abilities of the disabled students compared to the normal students. To be able to successfully carry out inclusive multicultural education inside the classroom, power and voice are particularly important aspects in this educational reformation (Slee 2008). The relationships between the disabled, the typical students and the professionals in the educational institution are considered to be central considerations to the development of multicultural education. There should be a hand on hand cooperation between these elements so that the educational reformation will become smooth-sailing. Hence, it is very difficult to observe and maintain multicultural education approach in the classroom since there are a lot of considerations that need proper and careful attention. Nonetheless, multicultural education would be very beneficial to all stakeholders of education when successfully carried out. Among the advantages that an inclusive multicultural education brings to a classroom is the sense of belongingness of the disabled students which is considered to be a basic need for each person. Disabled children begin with the commonalities they have with the other children and typically show the urge that they can and they want to belong in different ways. One of which is their desire to become part and to belong in the school context. They really want to have the same opportunities and experiences just like the non-disabled peers. In this context, it would very be helpful if the students with disabilities are mingled and mixed with other pupils whom they feel they have more in common since through them they find comfort and belongingness. Through the interaction of the disabled students with the normal ones, they will definitely experience the sense of belongingness and peer support which are very essential for developing social skills and self-esteem. It is indeed beneficial on the part of the students since the sense of belongingness is one of the important aspects under Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Pride, et. al. 2009). If this need is satisfied properly, there would be greater chance for the students to learn and explore more about their talents and skills. Sociological researches and surveys, however, have shown that education nowadays is much more likely to confirm existing inequality and discrimination than to help in eliminating and eradicating them (Larskaia-Smirnova & Loshakova 2004). It is found out that the ability of the handicapped children to obtain a good and quality education is intervened by various structural limitations linked to social inequality. Teachers in most schools pay more attention to the best and most capable students while the handicapped ones are placed on the bottom of the school hierarchy. Disabled students are frequently ignored and the focus of attention is given to the more capable students. This results to unintentional discrimination within the context of the school system. And this practice is indeed very disadvantageous to the part of the disabled students. Limitations of the Multicultural Education for Special Students Some criticized that the success of the multicultural education among the disabled students does not materialize because of the limitations from the teachers. Some teachers do not perceive special education as a means in order to help the students with disabilities. In some cases, the teachers are the ones who serve as the source of prejudice and discrimination inside the classroom. If a teacher, for instance, responds to a disabled student in a manner that the said student will be perceived as different from the typical ones, the other students would also perceive them as different among the others. In this manner, the disabled students are unintentionally discriminated by the teacher and the students inside the classroom. Because of the modeling seen by the students from the teacher, the typical students might used to discriminate the disabled ones and think that the disabled students are really different from them. This would lead the students to the sense of inequality, discrimination and prejudice among themselves. In this case, the teacher serves as a model to the students. The typical students learn their behavior through observation and imitation of peers as well as through reference to authority figures. This is called social referencing theory which suggests that an individual gains information about social setting from a familiar or trusted person (De Schauwer 2009). The teachers, nevertheless, should be the ones to promote equality inside the classroom in order to make multicultural education successful. Since they are the most authoritative figures inside the classroom, the teachers should serve as an example to the students so that the latter will develop sense of equality among themselves. To be able to contribute to the success of the multicultural education, the teacher should have the in-depth understanding of the paradigm of multicultural education. This would eliminate the chance of unintentional discrimination inside the classroom. Studies revealed that teachers with special education coursework and teachers who had received training in special education had more positive attitudes towards inclusive multicultural education as compared to the teachers who lacked in-service training in special education (Drowning, et. al. 2007).